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Antarctic flora are a distinct community of which evolved millions of years ago on the supercontinent of Gondwana. In 2025, species of Antarctica flora reside on several now separated areas of the Southern Hemisphere, including southern South America, southernmost Africa, New Zealand, Australia, and New Caledonia. Joseph Dalton Hooker (1817 – 1911) was the first to notice similarities in the flora and speculated that Antarctica had served as either a source or a transitional point, and that land masses now separated might formerly have been adjacent.
Based on the similarities in their flora, botanist Ronald Good identified a separate Antarctic Floristic Kingdom that included southern South America, New Zealand, and some southern island groups. In addition, Australia was determined to be its own floristic kingdom because of the influx of tropical Eurasian flora that had mostly supplanted the Antarctic flora and included New Guinea and New Caledonia in the Paleotropical floristic kingdom.
Some genera which originated in Antarctic Flora are still recognized as major components of the flora of New Caledonia, Tasmania, Madagascar, India, New Zealand, and southern South America. South America, Madagascar, Africa, India, Australia, New Zealand, and Antarctica were all part of the supercontinent Gondwana, which started to break up in the early Cretaceous period (14566 million years ago). India was the first to break away, followed by Africa, and then New Zealand, which started to drift north. By the end of the Cretaceous, South America and Australia were still joined to Antarctica. Paleontologist Gilbert Brenner identified the emergence of a distinct southern Gondwanan flora by the late Cretaceous period in the cooler and humid southern hemisphere regions of Australia, southern South America, southern Africa, Antarctica, and New Zealand; it most resembled the flora of modern-day southern New Zealand. A drier northern Gondwanan flora had developed in northern South America and northern Africa.
Africa and India drifted north into the tropical latitudes, became hotter and drier, and ultimately connected with the Eurasian continent. Today, the flora of Africa and India have few remnants of the Antarctic flora. Australia drifted north and became drier as well; the humid Antarctic flora retreated to the east coast and Tasmania, while the rest of Australia became dominated by Acacia, Eucalyptus, and Casuarinaceae, as well as xeric shrubs and grasses. arrived in Australia 5060,000 years ago and used fire to reshape the vegetation of the continent; as a result, the Antarctic flora, also known as the Rainforest flora in Australia, retreated to a few isolated areas composing less than 2% of Australia's land area.
The of the Antarctic flora include in the families Podocarpaceae, Araucariaceae and the subfamily Callitroideae of Cupressaceae, and such as the families Proteaceae, , Cunoniaceae, Atherospermataceae, and Winteraceae, and genera like southern beech ( Nothofagus) and fuchsia ( Fuchsia). Many other families of flowering plants and ferns, including the tree fern Dicksonia, are characteristic of the Antarctic flora.
There are two conifer and at least seven angiosperm morphotypes recorded in the Antarctica palaeoflora. Conifers include Cupressinoxylon, which is the more common, and Podocarpoxylon. The angiosperm component includes two species of Nothofagoxylon, one species of Myrceugenelloxylon (similar to Luma, in the extant family Myrtaceae), and one species of Weinmannioxylon (similar to Eucryphia in the extant family Cunoniaceae). Two other species are assigned to genera Hedycaryoxylon (Monimiaceae) and Atherospermoxylon (Atherospermataceae). A fossil Nymphaeaceae, Notonuphar (similar to Nuphar in the extant family Nymphaeaceae), was described from Eocene-aged sediments on Seymour Island in 2017.
There are also some aquatic moss species, including a few in deep water. One of them, Bryum pseudotriquetrum, grows at water depths of up to 81 m in Radok Lake, and Pohlia wilsonii grows in freshwater lakes in Schirmacher Oasis.
The common weedy hybrid annual meadow grass ( Poa annua) was accidentally introduced to areas the South Sandwich Islands before 1953 and the Antarctic islands by 1981. It was found on Galindez Island, just off the coast of the Antarctic Peninsula, and survived several winters. The well known smooth meadow-grass ( Poa pratensis) was introduced to Cierva Point on the mainland when Antarctic beech ( Nothofagus antarctica) and lenga beech ( Nothofagus pumilio) were transplanted from Tierra del Fuego to the Argentine station now named Base Primavera. Though the trees died after a few years, the grass was still healthy in 1995, but not spreading. This small population was finally removed in 2015 and in the same year annual meadow grass was limited to just location near Admiralty Bay in the South Shetland Islands. The other smaller populations in the South Shetlands and the Antarctic Peninsula were removed during the 2009/2010 summer. Though the living populations were successfully removed it is possible that seeds are still present in the soil and may reestablish in the future. Despite eradication efforts the population of annual meadow grass continues to persist at Admiralty Bay in 2023.
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